A evolução da mortalidade materna e o impacto da COVID-19 na Região Norte do Brasil: uma análise de 2012 a 2021 / Evolution of maternal mortality and impact of COVID-19 in the Northern Region of Brazil: an analysis from 2012 to 2021

Analisar o comportamento da razão de mortalidade materna de 2012 a 2021, na Região Norte do Brasil. Estudo ecológico descritivo de base populacional e série temporal, de 2012 a 2021, com dados secundários da Região Norte do Brasil, disponíveis no Painel de Monitoramento de Mortalidade Materna e Nascidos Vivos. Entre 2012 e 2019, na Região Norte, a média da razão de mortalidade materna foi 72,19, mas, com a pandemia de COVID-19, elevou-se consideravelmente, sendo 92,16 em 2020 e 164 em 2021. Roraima apresentou a maior mortalidade materna na pandemia, em fevereiro de 2021 (705,65). Neste ano, o colapso do sistema de saúde do Amazonas impactou a razão de mortalidade materna, que foi 436,90 em fevereiro de 2021.A COVID-19 colaborou com o aumento da mortalidade materna, evidenciando desigualdades interestaduais e vulnerabilidades na assistência pré-natal, na infraestrutura hospitalar e socioeconômica da Região Norte, especialmente em Roraima e Amazonas.

To analyze the behavior of the maternal mortality ratio from 2012 to 2021 in the North Region of Brazil. Population-based descriptive ecological study and time series, from 2012 to 2021, with secondary data from the Northern Region of Brazil, available on the Monitoring Panel for Maternal Mortality and Live Births. Between 2012 and 2019, in the North Region, the average maternal mortality ratio was 72.19, but, with the COVID-19 pandemic, it increased considerably, being 92.16 in 2020 and 164 in 2021. Roraima presented higher maternal mortality in the pandemic, in February 2021 (705.65). That year, the collapse of the health system in Amazonas affected the maternal mortality ratio, which was 436.90 in February 2021.COVID-19 collaborated with the increase in maternal mortality, highlighting interstate inequalities and vulnerabilities in prenatal care, hospital, and socioeconomic infrastructure in the North Region, especially in Roraima and Amazonas.

Quality of Life in Amazonian Women during Cervical Cancer Treatment: The Moderating Role of Spirituality.

This study aimed to examine the contribution of psychological variables to quality of life (QoL) of Amazonian women and to analyze the moderating role of spirituality in the relationship between psychological morbidity and Qol and between illness perception and QoL. This cross-sectional study included 119 women undergoing treatment for cervical cancer (CC). The Pearson correlation test was used to evaluate the relationship between sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological variables. To test how psychological morbidity, illness perception, and spirituality contribute to QoL, a path analysis was performed and to test the moreating role of spirituality, a moderation analysis was conducted. The results revealed that the presence of symptoms, high psychological morbidity, negative body image, and threatening illness perception were predictors of lower QoL. Spirituality moderated the relationship between psychological morbidity and QoL, and between illness perception and QoL. The moderating role of spirituality emphasizes its role as a coping strategy and should be included in cancer treatment. Interventions should target psychological morbidity, threatening illness perception, and address women's concerns with body image and sexual concerns. CC treatment should include interprofessional healthcare teams addressing the biological and psychosocial factors of Amazonian women. As a result of this study a mobile application to monitor women's health, adapted to cultural and social characteristics, was created.

Quality of life of informal caregivers of cervical cancer patients: analysis of anxiety and spirituality / La calidad de vida de los cuidadores informales de las pacientes con cáncer de cuello uterino: análisis de la ansiedad y la espiritualidad

This study analyzed the association and contribution of anxiety, spirituality, coping and burden to quality of life (QOL) in informal caregivers of patients with cervical cancer. The sample included 119 informal caregivers of patients undergoing treatment for cervical cancer at a reference hospital in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. The caregivers answered instruments that assessed sociodemographic variables, burden, coping, anxiety, spirituality, and QOL. Female caregivers used more spirituality (reflection and positive interpretation) than male caregivers. The number of hours of care dedicated by caregivers was positively correlated with their burden. Burden had a positive association with anxiety and was negatively associated with the caregivers’ mental QOL. Spirituality (reflection and positive interpretation) moderated the relationship between anxiety and caregiver's mental QOL. The results showed the importance of interprofessional teams in oncology to intervene with caregivers, focusing on psychological morbidity to prevent burden and the spirituality as a coping strategy. (AU)

Este estudio analiza la asociación y contribución de la ansiedad, espiritualidad, afrontamiento y sobrecarga con la calidad de vida (CV) en cuidadores informales de pacientes con cáncer de cuello uterino. La muestra fue de 119 cuidadores informales de pacientes en tratamiento de cáncer de cuello uterino en un hospital de referencia en el estado de Amazonas, Brasil. Los cuidadores cumplimentaron cuestionarios que evaluaban variables sociodemográficas, sobrecarga, afrontamiento, ansiedad, espiritualidad y calidad de vida. Las mujeres cuidadoras utilizaron más espiritualidad (reflexión e interpretación positiva) que los varones cuidadores. El número de horas de atención dedicadas por los cuidadores se correlacionaba positivamente con su sobrecarga. Esta tuvo una asociación positiva con la ansiedad, asociándose negativamente con la calidad de vida mental de los cuidadores. La espiritualidad (reflexión e interpretación positiva) moderaba la relación entre la ansiedad y la calidad de vida mental del cuidador. Los resultados mostraron la importancia de que los equipos interprofesionales de oncología intervengan con los cuidadores, centrándose en la morbilidad psicológica para prevenir la sobrecarga, así como en la espiritualidad como estrategia de afrontamiento. (AU)

Impact of a culturally tailored informative video on cervical cancer: a pilot study with Amazonian women in treatment for cervical cancer.

The present study is a randomised pilot study that evaluated a culturally tailored video promoting information about cervical cancer (CC), developed with Amazonian women in treatment for CC. The sample included 63 patients in treatment for CC who were randomly assigned to three groups of 21 patients. The experimental group watched an informative video about CC. The active control group watched a video on healthy habits and the passive control group received no intervention. The groups were compared in terms of change in knowledge and illness perceptions, over time. The results showed that the experimental group was the only one with a significant increase in knowledge (ß = .166; p = .03) that was not maintained over time (ß = -.195; p = .04). Threatening illness perceptions about the disease increased in all groups over time (ß = .105; p = .001). Future studies should replicate the results testing the efficacy of an audiovisual strategy in a larger sample, in health services that serve populations with similar social and cultural characteristics. This study emphasises the importance of interprofessional oncology teams providing clear information regarding CC, during all stages of the disease, and patients' treatment.Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? Latin American countries, such as Brazil, the low coverage of screening for CC can be related to the low education of women and their difficulty of access to health care. Hence, educational interventions may be a good strategy to reinforce the importance of screening and increase knowledge about illness prevention and treatment.What the results of this study add? An audiovisual informational intervention on CC was developed, addressing prevention, causes, control, consequences and treatment while respecting the patients' cultural and social reality through an approach that is simple and easy to understand. The group that watched the informative video was the only one that increased knowledge, revealing that it was a good CC informational strategy.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? This study confirmed the importance of developing informational and educational strategies that are appropriate to patients' social and cultural reality. The video is now available to health teams in primary, secondary and tertiary care units, as a strategy for health promotion and CC prevention.

Linha de Cuidado do Câncer do Colo do Útero no Amazonas: uma Análise da Prevenção ao Tratamento de Lesões Precursoras / The Cervical Cancer Care Line in Amazonas State: an Analysis from Prevention to Treatment of Precursor Lesions / Línea de Atención del Cáncer de Cuello Uterino en el Amazonas: un Análisis de la Prevención al Tratamiento de las Lesiones Precursoras

Introdução: O câncer do colo do útero tem alta morbimortalidade no Amazonas, demonstrando a importância da consolidação de uma linha de cuidado que busque a melhor utilização dos recursos em ações de promoção, prevenção, detecção precoce e tratamento. Objetivo: Traçar o panorama dessa linha de cuidado no Amazonas, avaliar os indicadores de rastreio e diagnóstico do câncer do colo do útero e comparar o total de procedimentos realizados com o preconizado para a efetividade da linha de cuidado no período de 2016 a 2019. Método: Estudo descritivo, de abordagem quantitativa, que analisou a realização de procedimentos da linha de cuidado do câncer do colo do útero no Amazonas a partir de dados secundários do Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunizações; do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do Sistema Único de Saúde, da Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Resultados: As análises demonstraram que a cobertura vacinal preconizada (80%) não foi atingida em nenhum ano no período analisado. A quantidade de procedimentos realizados não alcançou os parâmetros preconizados, mesmo nos anos em que se obteve melhores resultados: exames citopatológicos (-47,20%) em 2017, colposcopias (-83,14%) em 2016 e biópsias (-63,60%) em 2019. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos demostram falhas na estratégia ao longo de toda a trajetória da linha de cuidado e nenhuma variável analisada atingiu seu objetivo, reforçando a necessidade de investimento em estratégias mais eficientes de prevenção e que tornem a linha de cuidado mais organizada

Introduction: Cervical cancer has high morbidity and mortality in Amazonas State, which shows the importance of consolidating a care line that seeks the best use of resources in actions of promotion, prevention, early detection and treatment. Objective: Draw a panorama of this care line in Amazonas State, evaluate the indicators of screening and diagnosis of cervical cancer and compare the total number of performed procedures with the recommendations for cancer care line effectiveness from 2016 to 2019. Method: Descriptive quantitative approach study analyzing the performance of procedures of the cervical cancer care line in Amazonas State, based on secondary data of the National Immunization Program Information System of the Outpatient and Hospital Information Systems of the SUS ­ National Health System, of the National Supplementary Health Agency and of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics of. Results: The analyses demonstrated that the vaccination goals (80%) were not achieved in the period investigated. The number of procedures performed did not reach the recommended parameters, even in the years when the best results were obtained: cytopathological exams (-47.20%) in 2017, colposcopies (-83.14%) in 2016 and biopsies (-63.60%) in 2019. Conclusion: The results obtained reveal flaws in the strategy throughout the entire trajectory of the care line, none of the parameters analyzed reached its goal, reinforcing the need to invest in more efficient prevention strategies to make the care line more organized

Introducción: El cáncer de cuello uterino tiene una alta morbilidad y mortalidad en el Amazonas, lo que demuestra la importancia de consolidar una línea de atención que busque el mejor uso de los recursos en acciones de promoción, prevención, detección temprana y tratamiento. Objetivo: Trazar el panorama de esta línea de atención en el Amazonas, evaluar los indicadores de detección y diagnóstico del cáncer de cuello uterino y comparar el número total de procedimientos realizados con el recomendado para la efectividad de la línea de atención, desde 2016 hasta 2019. Método: Estudio descriptivo con un enfoque cuantitativo que analizó la producción de procedimientos de la línea de atención del cáncer de cuello uterino en el Amazonas, con base en datos secundarios del Sistema de Información del Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones; el Sistema de Información Ambulatoria del Sistema Único de Salud, Organismo nacional de Salud Suplementaria y el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística. Resultados: Los análisis mostraron que la cobertura de vacunación recomendada (80%) no se alcanzó en ningún año del período analizado. El número de procedimientos realizados no alcanzó los parámetros recomendados, incluso en los años en que se obtuvieron los mejores resultados: exámenes citopatológicos (-47,20%) en 2017, colposcopias (-83,14%) en 2016 y biopsias (-63,60%) en 2019. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos muestran fallas en la estrategia a lo largo de toda la trayectoria de la línea de cuidados, en ninguna variable analizada se lograron las metas, reforzando la necesidad de invertir en estrategias de prevención más eficientes que hagan más organizada la línea de cuidados.

Determinantes sociais da saúde e prevenção secundária do câncer do colo do útero no Estado do Amazonas, Brasil / Social determinants of health and secondary prevention of cervical cancer in the State of Amazonas, Brazil

Modelo do estudo: este foi um estudo ecológico transversal e descritivo. Objetivo do estudo: conhecer os determinantes sociais de saúde associados com a prevenção secundária do câncer do colo do útero no período de 2010 a 2014. Metodologia: a unidade amostral foi os 62 municípios do estado do Amazonas. Os dados secundários utilizados foram do Sistema de Informação do Câncer do Colo do Útero (SISCOLO), do Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica (SIAB), do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e do Atlas de Desenvolvimento Humano do Brasil. Resultados: baixa cobertura do exame Preventivo do câncer do colo do útero para mulheres de 25 a 64 anos, sendo a faixa etária com menor adesão ao rastreio, a de 60 a 64 anos. A média de analfabetismo feminino na idade de 25 anos ou mais, no Estado, foi de 25,01%, e este indicador apresentou correlação com a baixa cobertura do exame Preventivo para o câncer do colo do útero em todos os anos. A pouca cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família também se associou a baixa adesão ao rastreio. Além disso, a Proporção de Municípios com Amostras Insatisfatórias dos exames citopatológicos apresentou-se acima da meta preconizada pelo Ministério da Saúde. Conclusão: estratégias de promoção da saúde voltadas a adesão ao rastreio devem considerar o nível de escolaridade das mulheres e o fortalecimento da Atenção Primária à Saúde pautada no rastreio não oportunístico; estas devem ser uma das prioridades das políticas públicas nos municípios do Estado.(AU)

Study design: This was a cross-sectional and ecological descriptive study. Study objective: Knowing the social determinants of health associated with the secondary prevention of cervical cancer from 2010 to 2014. Methods: The sample included the 62 counties of the state of Amazonas, and secondary data were used from the Cervical Cancer Information System, the Primary Care Information System, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and the Atlas of Human Development of Brazil. Results: Low coverage of the preventive exam for cervical cancer for women aged 25 to 64 years was found. Also, the age group with the lowest adherence to screening was 60 to 64 years old. The average illiteracy rate among women aged 25 years and over, in the state, was 25.01%, and this indicator correlated with the low coverage of the preventive exam for cervical cancer every year. The low coverage of the Family Health Strategy was also as-sociated with low adherence to screening. The proportion of counties with unsatisfactory samples from the cytopathological examinations was above the goal recommended by the Ministry of Health. Conclusion: Health promotion strategies regarding adherence to screening should consider women's level of education, and the reinforcement of Primary Health Care based on non-opportunistic screening should be one of the priorities of public policies in the counties of the state. (AU)

Integralidade e longitudinalidade da atenção primária à saúde da mulher: uma análise de três municípios amazônicos / Integrality and longitudinality of primary care for women's health: an analysis of three amazonian municipalities

O estado do Amazonas abrange municípios ribeirinhos que, devido a suas peculiaridades, são um desafio para organização da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Este estudo objetivou avaliar os atributos essenciais de integralidade e longitudinalidade da APS da mulher em idade reprodutiva em três municípios amazônicos, pois doenças preveníveis pela APS apresentam alta incidência nessa população. Esta é uma pesquisa transversal, de caráter exploratório e abordagem quantitativa, que utilizou o instrumento Avaliação da Atenção Primária (PCATool) Versão Adulto para entrevistar 857 mulheres. Os resultados foram insatisfatórios na avaliação dos dois atributos, longitudinalidade e integralidade, com diferenças significativas entre os municípios. Na avaliação da APS sobre questões de relevância epidemiológica para saúde da mulher amazônica os resultados demonstraram que os serviços de assistência pré-natal e a realização de exame preventivo para o câncer de colo de útero estavam disponíveis para cerca de 90% das mulheres. O aconselhamento para testagem de HIV foi relatado por mais de 60% das mulheres entrevistadas. Assim, este estudo identificou limites e desafios da Atenção Primária a Saúde da mulher nesses municípios, reforçando a importância de processos avaliativos como instrumentos de melhor gerenciamento das políticas públicas em saúde.

The State of Amazonas has riparian municipalities that, due to their peculiarities, are a challenge for the organization of Primary Health Care (PHC). This study aimed to evaluate the integral attributes and longitudinality of PHC to Women's Health in reproductive age in three municipalities of the state, because diseases preventable by PHC are present at high incidence in this population. This is a cross-sectional, exploratory and quantitative study that used the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool) instrument - Adult version - to interview 857 women. The results were unsatisfactory in the evaluation of the two attributes, longitudinality and Integrality, with significant differences between the municipalities. In the PHC evaluation on issues of epidemiological relevance for the health of Amazonian women, the results showed that prenatal care and preventive examination for cervical cancer were available for about 90% of the women. Counseling for HIV testing was reported by more than 60% of the women interviewed. Therefore, this study identified the limits and challenges of Primary Health Care for Women in these municipalities, reinforcing the importance of evaluation processes as tools for better management of public health policies.